第一个五年计划，是中国从1953年到1957年发展国民经济的计划。1951年春，中央财经委员会着手试编第一个五年计划，历时4年，五易其稿。1955年7月，一届全国人大二次会议正式审议并通过。
“一五”计划的指导方针是：集中主要力量发展重工业，建立国家工业化和国防现代化的初步基础；相应地发展交通运输业、轻工业、农业和商业；相应地培养建设人才；有步骤地促进农业、手工业的合作化；继续进行对资本主义工商业的改造；保证国民经济中社会主义成分的比重稳步增长，同时正确地发挥个体农业、手工业和资本主义工商业的作用；保证在发展生产的基础上逐步提高人民物质生活和文化生活水平。
“一五”计划的基本任务是：五年中将新建一批规模巨大、技术先进的新兴工业部门，同时要用现代先进技术扩大和改造原有的工业部门；要合理利用和改建东北、上海和其他沿海地区城市已有的工业基础，同时要开始在内地建设一批新的工业基地。
经过全党和全国人民五年的艰苦奋斗，到1957年年底，第一个五年计划的各项指标大幅度地超额完成，形成中国近代以来引进规模最大、效果最好、作用最大的工业化浪潮。中国的工业生产能力和技术水平前进了一大步，取得了令人瞩目的成就，为后来的工业化奠定了基础，特别是人力资源和技术资源的基础。
The First Five-Year Plan
This was China's first Five-year Plan on economic and social development, carried out from 1953 to 1957. The Central Financial and Economic Commission began drafting the plan in the spring of 1951; the work lasted four years with the text being revised five times. The plan was adopted at the Second Session of the First NPC held in July 1955.
The First Five-year Plan entailed: a major effort to develop heavy industry and lay an initial foundation for industrialization and for modernizing national defense; developing communications and transportation services, light industry, agriculture and commerce as required; training the personnel needed by the new state; gradually establishing cooperatives for agriculture and handicraft industry; continuing the transformation of capitalist industry and commerce; ensuring a steady increase in the share of socialist sectors in the national economy; and ensuring a gradual improvement in the people's material and cultural life on the basis of expanding economic activity.
The basic tasks for the plan included: building a number of new industrial sectors on a large scale and with advanced technology, while using modern, advanced technology to expand and transform existing industrial sectors; making rational use of and rebuilding the existing industrial foundations in Northeast China and in Shanghai and other coastal cities, while beginning to create hinterland industrial bases.
The First Five-year Plan was completed by the end of 1957, with most of the targets being met or exceeded. There was the biggest increase in the scale and quality of industrialization in China's history. China made a giant step forward with its industrial capacity and technical level. These outstanding achievements laid a solid foundation for future industrialization, particularly in terms of human and technological resources.