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2、L WORLD, 192500CHAPTER 5 THE CLAS S ICAL L EGACY IN THE EAST:BYZANTIUM AND ISLAMCHAPTER 6 THE WEST IN THE MIDDLE AGESCHAPTER 7 THE ITALIAN RENAISSANCECHAPTER 8 THE REFORM OF RELIGIONCHAPTER 9 THE PERIOD OF MODERN EUROPECHAPTER 10 THE ENLIGHTENMENT, FRENCH REVOLUTION AND NAPOLEONIC ERACHAPTER 11 EURO
3、PE IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURYCHAPTER 12 EUROPE AND THE WORLD, 18701914CHAPTER 13 WAR AND REVOLUTION, 19141920CHAPTER 14 THE SECOND WORLD WARCHAPTER 15 THE COLD WAR AND POS-COLD WAR PERIOD, 1945 TO THE PRESENT年代表示法B.C.E Before the Common Era, Before the Christian Era, Before the Current Era; 【公元前】C.E
6、Paleolithic era (Old Stone Age, ca. 600.000-10,000 B.C.E.) The dominance of cultureSocial organization, agriculture and religionII. The first urban-based civilizations of Mesopotamia and Egypt The HebrewNineveh and BabylonThe Assyrian EmpireThe New Babylon EmpireIII. The gift of the nileIII. Progres
7、s and civilizationQuestions for reviewHow did urbanization, the invention of writing, and political centralization first develop I the area between the Tigris and Euphrates River?How did the differing geographic conditions of Mesopotamia and Egypt shape the civilization in each?Discoveries on lineOr
8、igins of humankindPrehistoric culturesThe Ancient Near EastMesopotamiaEgyptThe HebrewsFurther readingCambridge Ancient History, vol. 1 (Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 1990).Lewis R. Bimford, In Pursuit of the Past (New York: Thames & Hudson, 1988). CHAPTER 2THE GREEK PERIODI. Greece in the
11、he Athenian democracyThe AcademyPlato, idea of form and truthIv. The hellenistic worldUrban life and cultureAlexandriaHellenistic philosophyCynicsEpicureansStoicsQuestions for reviewWhat social and geographic factors shaped the Greek culture in the age of the Iliad and the Odyssey?What social concer
12、ns and cultural accomplishments were expressed in Greek philosophy, drama and art?Discoveries on lineThe Perseus ProjectOverview of Classical Greek HistoryThe Ancient Greek WorldThe Ancient City of AthensFurther readingS.B. Pomeroy, et. Al. Ancient Greece: A Political, Social, and Cultural History (
13、Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998).J. Boardman, Greek Art, 3rd ed. (New York: Thames & Hudson, 1985).Walter Burkert, Structure and History in Greek Mythology and Ritual (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980).CHAPTER 3THE ROMAN PERIODI. The western mediterranean to 509 b.c.e. II. From c
15、ionTheEtruscansformed the most powerful nation in pre-Roman Italy. They created the first great civilization on the peninsula, whose influence on the Romans as well as on present-daycultureis increasingly recognized. Evidence suggests that it was the Etruscans who taught the Romans the alphabet and
17、ilizations of Greece and Rome as well as from those ofEgyptand theMiddle East. Contact with Greece began around the time that the first Greek colony in Italy was founded (c.775750BCE), when Greeks from the island ofEuboeasettled at Pithekoussai in theBay of Naples. Thereafter, numerous Greek and Mid
18、dle Eastern objects were imported into Etruria, and these items, together with Etruscanartifactsand works of art displaying Greek or Oriental influence, have been used to generate relatively precise dates along with more general ones. Etruscanmember of an ancient people of Etruria,Italy, between the
20、 6th and first half of the 5th centuryBCE, the Classical period to the second half of the 5th and the 4th centuryBCE, and the Hellenistic period to the 3rd to 1st centuriesBCE. Etruscan culture became absorbed into Roman civilization during the 1st centuryBCEand thereafter disappeared as a recogniza
22、d of the RepublicThe First TriumvirateThe Second Triumviratev. The Augustan Age and the Pax of RomanaAugustusPoetry and patronateVirgil (43 B.C.E. -17 C.E.), AeneasHorace (65-8 B.C.E.)Virgil and the AeneidVirgil, also spelledVergil, Latin in fullPublius Vergilius Maro, (born October 15, 70BCE, Andes
23、, nearMantuaItalydied September 21, 19BCE, Brundisium), Roman poet, best known for his nationalepic, theAeneid(fromc.30BCE; unfinished at his death).Virgil was regarded by the Romans as their greatest poet. His fame rests chiefly upon theAeneid, which tells the story ofRomes legendary founder and pr
24、oclaims the Roman mission to civilize the world under divine guidance. His reputation as a poet endures not only for the music andhis verse and for his skill in constructing an intricate work on the grand scale but also because he embodiedaspects of experience and behavour of permanent significance.
26、did not like his subordinate position, and from that suggestion arose a later tradition that Aeneas helped to betray Troy to the Greeks. The more common version, however, made Aeneas the leader of the Trojan survivors after Troy was taken by the Greeks. In any case, Aeneas survived the war, and his
28、Ascaniuswas also called Iulus. Incorporating these different traditions, Virgil created the Latin epic poem whose hero symbolized not only the course and aim of Roman history but also the career and policy of Augustus himself. In the journeying of Aeneas from Troy westward to Sicily, Carthage, and f
30、.49 cm. Los Angeles County Museum of Art, The Ciechanowiecki Collection, Gift of The Ahmanson Foundation (M.2000.179.23), Virgils Influence And ReputationVirgils poetryimmediately became famous in Romeand was admired by the Romans for two main reasonsfirst, because he was regarded as their own natio
31、nal poet, spokesman of their ideals and achievements; second, because he seemed to have reached the ultimate of perfection in his art (his structure, diction, metre).The Origins of ChristianityReligions from the EastSpreading the faithQuestions for reviewWhat social, political, and military practice
32、s made possible the expansion of Rome?What social concerns and cultural accomplishments were expressed in Greek philosophy, drama and art?Discoveries on lineAncient RomeThe Etruscan civilizationVergil, Republican Roman governmentAugusts and the foundation of the EmpireFurther readingJohn Boardman, J
36、 end of the Mycenaean civilization and about 900 BCE is often called a Dark Age. Homers “Dark Age,” from 1200 to 700 B.C.E.,It is the distant echo of a vanished world, the world of “the goodly citadel of Athens, wealthy Corinth, Knossos and Gortys of the great walls, and the established fortress of
37、Mycenae.” The poet lived in an age of illiterate warrior herdsmen, of impoverished, scattered, and sparsely populated villages. Still, in the depths of this “Dark Age,” roughly from 1200 to 700 B.C.E., the distant memory of a time of rich palaces, teeming cities, and powerful kings lived on. Homer a
38、nd his contemporaries could not know that these confused memories stemmed from the last great Bronze Age (ca. 35001200 B.C.E.) civilization of the Mediterranean. Still less could they have imagined that they were preparing the foundations of a far greater and lasting civilization, that of classical
40、e work of oral bards or performers who composed as they chant- ed. Although the Homeric poems explicitly harken back to the Mycenaean age, much of the description of life, society, and culture actually reflects Dark Age conditions. Thus Homers heroes were petty kings, chieftains, and nobles. The Hom
41、eric hero Odysseus is typical of these Dark Age chieftains. In the Iliad and the Odyssey he is king of Ithaca, a small island on the west coast of Greece. He retained command of his men only as long as he could lead them to victory in the raids against their neighbors. Odysseus describes his departu
43、s IliadThe wrath of the great warrior Achilles is the subject of Homers Iliad, the first and greatest epic poem of the Mediterranean West, written shortly after 750 B.C.E. Angered by a perceived slight to his honor, Achilles sulks in his tent while the other Achaeans, or Greeks, fight a desperate an
44、d losing battle against their enemies, the defenders of the city of Troy. Only after his friend Patroclus is slain by the Trojan Prince Hector does Achilles return to the battle to avenge his fallen comrade and propel the Achaeans to victory. Near the end of the epic, after he has slain Hector in ha
45、nd-to-hand combat, Achilles ties his foes body to the back of his chariot and drags it three times around Patrocluss tomb to appease his friends spirit. The gods are horrified at this demeaning treatment of the body of one who had always been faithful in his sacri- fices. Zeus, the chief god, sends
46、his messenger Iris to Hectors mourning parents, his father, Priam, king of Troy, and his mother, Hecuba. Iris urges them to ransom their sons body from Achilles. Moved by the message, Priam goes to Achilles tent to plead for Hectors body. Achilles, moved by pity and grief for his own father and for
48、n immortal fame from his enemies, the Greeks. Achilles eventually acted well and, in his encounter with Priam, faced the universal elements of human destiny: life, love, suffering, endurance, death. Such sentiments, expressed by Homer, became an enduring heritage of Greek civilization and, through i
50、只有12公里，面积8236平方公里。克里特岛（；Crete）位于地中海东部的中间，是希腊的第一大岛，总面积约8336平方公里，人口：约60.1万。行政上属于克里特大区。克里特岛是爱琴海最南面的皇冠，是美不胜收的度假之地。克里特岛位于地中海的南端，是爱琴海中最大的岛屿。距离非洲大陆仅有300公里。该岛东西长约260公里，南北宽最宽60公里，最窄只有12公里，面积8236平方公里，克里特岛是一个以崎岖山地为主体的岛屿。Knowledge of Minoan civilization burst on the modern world suddenly in 1899. In that year,
51、the English archaeologist Sir Arthur Evans made the first of a series of extraordinary archaeological discoveries at Knossos, the legendary palace of Minos. Cretes location between the civilizations of the Fertile Crescent, Egypt, and the barbarian worlds of the north and west made the island a natu
53、the Near East and the societies that were developing on the mainland. At least until the fourteenth century B.C.E., both men and women seem to have played important roles in religious and public life and together built a structured society without the need for vast armies or warrior kings. Around 14
54、50 B.C.E., a wave of destruction engulfed all of the Cretan cities except Knossos, which was finally annihilated around 1375 B.C.E. 米诺文明时期米诺文明时期 (3000-1100 BC）这段时间克里特岛经历了重大的发展，成为海上贸易和艺术创作的中心。人口分为农民、牧人和海商，其中大多数为海商，并和亚洲、非洲和基克拉迪群岛建立了密切的贸易关系。这个时期被命名为米诺文明时期，这是英国考古学家阿瑟埃文斯在挖掘克诺索斯宫期间根据米诺斯王的传说而命名的。没有证据表明米诺斯是
55、一位军人，他们的兴旺繁荣，看起来主要是因为在商业方面的非凡能力。可是也可能正因为在军事文化方面的匮乏才导致他们最终走向没落。希腊考古学家N. Platonas依据米诺大宫殿时期的各时间间隔把它们按年代顺序分类为以下几个时期：Mainland of WarThe contrast between the vulnerable islands and the violent Greek mainland was particularly marked. Around 1600 B.C.E., a new and powerful warrior civilization arose on the
56、Peloponnesus at Mycenae. The only remains of the first phase of this civilization are 30 graves found at the bottom of deep shafts arranged in two circles. The swords, axes, and armor that fill the graves emphasize the warrior lives of their occu- pants. By 1500 B.C.E., mainland Greeks were using hu
57、ge tholoi, or beehive-shaped tombs, for royal burials. Over 50 such tombs have been found on the Greek mainland, as have the remains of over 500 villages and great palaces at Mycenae, Tiryns, Athens, Thebes, Gla, and Pylos. This entire civilization, which encompassed not only the mainland but also p
60、uries, the Greeks believed that after the Trojan War, new peoples, especially the Dorians, had migrated into Greece, destroying Mycenae and most of the other Achaean cities. More recently, some historians have argued that catastrophic climatic changes, volcanic eruptions, or some other natural disas
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